E2-mediated cathepsin D (CTSD) activation involves looping of distal enhancer elements

Abstract 

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a ligand dependent transcription factor that regulates the expression of target genes through interacting with cis-acting estrogen response elements (EREs). However, only a minority of ERα binding sites are located within the proximal promoter regions of responsive genes. Here we report the characterization of an ERE located 9kbp upstream of the TSS of the cathepsin D gene (CTSD) that up-regulates CTSD expression upon estrogen stimulation in MCF-7 cells. Using ChIP, we show recruitment of ERα and phosphorylated PolII at the CTSD distal enhancer region. Moreover, we determine the kinetics of transient CpG methylation on the promoter region of CTSD and for the first time, at a distal enhancer element. We show that ERα is crucial for long-distance regulation of CTSD expression involving a looping mechanism.

Keywords: Estrogen receptor alpha, CTSD, Distal enhancer, Chromatin looping, DNA methylation

Abbreviations: ERα, estrogen receptor alpha, ERE, estrogen response element, E2, estradiol, TSS, transcriptional start site, FCS, fetal calf serum, DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation, PPolII, activated (phosphorylated) RNA polymerase II, 3C, chromatin conformation capture